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The outer surface of the sensor element in zirconium dioxide is in direct contact with the exhaust gas, while the inner surface is in contact with the atmosphere. Both surfaces are coated with a thin layer of platinum. Oxygen in ionic form travels through the ceramic layer and charges the platinum layer electrostatically so that the platinum acts as an electrode: the electrical signal generated is carried on the sensor output cable.
the zirconium dioxide element becomes permeable to oxygen ions at a temperature of around 300°C.
When the oxygen concentration is different on the two sensor surfaces, a voltage is generated thanks to the special physical properties of the zirconium dioxide. With a lean mixture the signal voltage is low, while with a rich mixture it is high.
The typical change in signal intensity occurs when the air-fuel ratio is 14.7 to 1 (14.7 parts of air to 1 part of petrol), which is referred to as "Lambda 1". This ratio is considered to be an indication of complete combustion, hence the name "Lambda Sensor" (oxygen sensor) therefore
- lambda = 1 means mixture in stoichiometric (ideal) ratio
- lambda > 1 means a lean mixture
- lambda < 1 means a rich mixture
The air-fuel mixture control system is managed by the lambda sensor, which starts to operate at over 300°C: the ceramic material starts conducting oxygen ions at around 300°C. If the proportion of oxygen starts to differ between the two ends of the probe, this generates an electrical voltage between the two electrodes due to the particular nature of the material. This makes it possible to measure the difference in oxygen content between the exhaust gas and the ambient air. Combusted gas still contains a residual amount of oxygen when the air-fuel mixture delivered to the combustion chamber is incorrect. This makes it possible to adjust the injection control unit to ensure the engine always runs with the optimal air-fuel mixture.
To remove the lambda sensors (1) unscrew them from the horizontal and vertical cylinder exhaust pipes.
When refitting the sensors, tighten them to the specified torque (Frame torque settings).
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